Kodak Technical Pan Film at the Acropolis (Abandoned Films 11)

Technical Pan film

In the 1980s, Eastman Kodak heavily advertised their Technical Pan as being an extremely fine grain and high resolution panchromatic film. The data sheets stated:

This is a black-and-white panchromatic film with extended red sensitivity. It has micro-fine or extremely fine grain (depending on the developer used), extremely high resolving power, and a wide contrast range for pictorial, scientific, technical, and reversal-processing applications. 

Kodak made this film for either copying documents or for aerial reconnaissance by the military (I have read both theories). Kodak discontinued sales in 2003 or 2004 but stated that they had been selling off stock that had been stored for years. Many astronomers used it for celestial photography. 

Most document films are very fine grain but also high contrast. Therefore, for pictorial use, the photographer or laboratory must use special low contrast developers to provide a normal tonal scale. Kodak sold a proprietary Technidol developer for pictorial use, but it has been discontinued for at least a decade.

With a degree of hyperbolae or over-enthusiastic marketing, Kodak claimed Technical Pan in a regular 35mm camera rivaled the results from normal film in a 4×5" camera. Well, maybe - sort of. I cannot find an example right now but recall seeing these advertisements in camera magazines in the 1980s.

I used Technical Pan 2415 in 35mm cameras only twice. Once was in Texas (see my 2017 post) and the second in Athens, Greece. I agree that the film was incredibly fine-grain, but it was hard to develop and was contrasty, even with the Technidol developer. It had a "soot and chalk" tonality. My ultimate conclusion was why bother? If you want high resolution and smooth continuous tones, just use a medium format or 4×5" camera.

The Acropolis, Athens

We will make this a double abandoned films treat: Technical Pan from 1985 plus a couple of 1951 comparisons with other long-discontinued films. Let's take a walk around the Acropolis on a brilliant sunny July day. Click the 1985 frames to see the amazing detail. 

Parthenon east side, July 7, 1985 (Technical Pan film, Leica M3, 50mm ƒ/2.8 Elmar-M lens)

Parthenon east side 1951 or 1952 (Kodachrome slide, Leica IIIC camera, 5cm ƒ/2 Summitar lens)

The magnificent Parthenon is under perpetual preservation and reconstruction. It is amazing to think that Aristotle himself must have visited this temple and walked among the columns. And consider modern famous visitors such as Lord Byron, Winston Churchill, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Princess Elizabeth, Margaret Thatcher, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Taylor, etc.

Archaeologists and marble masons have spent over a century on repair and preservation. All the stone on the ground has been catalogued, measured, and fitted using 3-dimensional CAD software. The dilemma is what to do where original stone is missing. How much reconstruction is "authentic?"

Checking the Parthenon

Summer in the city - checking out the Parthenon

The Erechtheion under restoration.

The Erechtheion or Temple of Athena Polias is an Ionic temple-telesterion on the north side of the Acropolis. It was primarily dedicated to the goddess Athena. The geometry and placement of features within the temple is unknown. It may overlie a palace of Mycenaean age.

1985 south view of Erechtheion

Erechtheion photographed in 1951 from the porch of the Parthenon (Kodak Plus-X film) 

Looking down to the Anafiotica neighborhood.

Acropolis from the Temple of the Olympian Zeus (Leica 90mm ƒ/2.8 Tele-Elmarit lens)

This scene is an extreme example of high contrast that demonstrated a soot and chalk rendition. I am glad I experimented with Technical Pan film. With the revival in film photography recently, it has become a cult favorite among some film users, and they buy remaining stock eagerly. But for me, a normal panchromatic film is fine.

Appendix A

Here are some curves for Technical Pan film from Kodak Professional Black-and-White Films book F-6 © 1984. 

Photographer Michael Elliott has been getting excellent results from Technical Pan with a 2-part developer based on metol. I am impressed with his energy.

From the Kodachrome Archives: Athens and Central Greece in 1951

Background

My father moved to Athens, Greece in February 1951. He had just returned to USA from an overseas position in the Pacific, spent a week job-hunting in New York City and was offered this posting. He visited relatives in Boston and Orlando, bought a few supplies and clothes, boarded Pan Am, and left for Greece. He traveled light and efficiently (unlike his son).

Greece must have seemed exotic. But he had read classical literature, and Greek architectural features were popular in early 20th century American buildings. On weekends, he had time to explore. He sometimes had access to the company car and by mid-year, bought a new Chevrolet. 

He and other American engineers lived in hotels for a few months and then found apartments. He co-rented a flat near Kolonaki Square with two other Americans within easy walking distance to the office on Merlin Street. The flat came with a man-servant who did laundry and cooking. 

Here are some examples from approximately 1951 and 1952 (plus one from 1957). My dad did not label his slides, so I am guessing the dates based on his diaries. For some frames, I know the exact date because he wrote a detail like "went to the market with two cameras." At that time, Kodak did not print the processing date on the cardboard slide mount. He used his 1949 Leica IIIC camera with its 5cm ƒ/2 Summitar lens (both of which I still use 70 years later). 

Athens

Hadrian's Arch and the Acropolis

East side of the Parthenon. 

The Parthenon (built 447 to 432 BC).  

I remember when you could walk all over the Acropolis site and climb up into the massive temple. Today, visitors must walk on wooden boardwalks. The millions of tourists were literally wearing out the stone. 

Think of the awesome passage of history during which this temple has stood. Aristotle may have walked among the columns. More recent visitors have included Lord Byron, Winston Churchill, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Princess Elizabeth, Agatha Christie, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Taylor, Margaret Thatcher, Barack Obama, and Bill Clinton. 

Checking out the Cariadids on the Maiden Porch of the Erechtheion.

As of 1957, these Cariadids were originals. But in subsequent decades, air pollution disfigured them and Greek authorities removed for safe-keeping, They are now in the Acropolis Museum. In their place are replicas based on an example in the British Museum. The one in London, taken to Britain by Lord Elgin, had been preserved indoors are was largely intact. 

Temple of Olympian Zeus (construction 6th century BC to 2nd century AD)

This scene has not changed much over the decades. There may be some tall building in the background now.

1994 view of the Acropolis and Phaleron Bay from Lycavitos mountain (Kodachrome 25, Leica M3 camera, 135mm Tele-Elmar lens)

This is a modern view of the Acropolis taken at dusk. 

Central Greece

According to my dad's diary, this was a 1951 4-door Chevrolet Sedan Skyline Deluxe. He ordered it from a Chevrolet dealer in Athens but paid by sending a check to General Motors in USA. It cost $1629 plus some extra for hubcaps and a spare tire. A ship delivered it, along with cars that other American engineers had ordered, to Piraeus. He got it out of customs on August 6, 1951.

I vaguely remember this Chevrolet. I used to stand up in the back (this was the era before we worried about car safety). I recall him telling me that in the early 1950s, only diplomats and Americans could afford to own cars. Recall, Greece was very poor because it had been looted by the Nazis during World War II and then suffered three years of brutal civil war. An automobile was a luxury item. Petrol was a luxury.

Somewhere in central Greece near Volos

Once, tourists dressed properly. Today, Americans look like homeless people.

View of Volos looking west

Pelion

Plateîa with Platanos trees, Zagora, Greece

Zagora is a cheerful mountain town perched on the Pelion Peninsula facing east towards the Aegean Sea. My grandfather's family came from Zagora, and the municipal office has records dating to the late-1800s. 

Lady of the Lake (stream), near Zagora, Pelion, Greece

Closing notes

Consider what an amazing amount of information is stored in these 70-year-old slides. And it is accessible! All you need to do is look at the slide with a magnifier. It is a time machine into the past. As long as the slides are not damaged by fire, flood, or fungus, some sort of optical device, like a camera with a macro lens, will be able to retrieve this image data for decades to come. Will our hard drives loaded with digital jpeg files be readable in 70 years? Will people look at a billion cell phone dump Instagram uploads on the "cloud" in 70 years? 

In those days, it was a challenge to get the Kodachrome processed. In that era, Kodak included processing with the purchase of the film. I remember my dad  telling me that he would give an exposed roll to an American who was returning to USA. The colleague would send the film to Kodak when he was back in USA. Then he would take the slides back to Greece or give the package to another American heading to Athens. He would also deliver fresh rolls of film. Turnaround must have been months. This would certainly not suit the modern Instagram generation. Greece is dry, which helped preserve these slides and retard growth of fungus.

I scanned these Kodachrome slides with a Plustek 7600i film scanner operated by SilverFast software. Most frames were almost perfect with the Auto CCR setting. On a few frames, I used the neutral grey dropper to correct the color. Afterwards, on some frames, I cleaned lint and splotches with the heal tool in Photoshop CS5. I resized for web display with XnViewMP. Please click any frame to see it magnified.

Recovering and Rebuilding: Athens in 1951-1953

Background

1951 - Greece was finally at peace and rebuilding after a terrible decade of invasion, occupation, and civil war.  The Civil War had ended in 1949, during which tens of thousands died from starvation and Communist death squads. And the brutal civil war had followed invasion and occupation by German and Italian troops during World War II.  By 1950, a constitutional monarchy was in place, with backing from the United States and NATO. Athens was the capital, the economic and political center of a recovering country. Rebuilding the economy and putting people to work was a critical element of the Truman Doctrine. As written in Wikipedia, "The Truman Doctrine was an international relations policy set forth by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech on March 12, 1947, which stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere."

In many ways, the Cold War began in Greece. The United States played a heavy-handed role in running Greek affairs from the late-1940s through the 1960s. As a benefit, Greece experienced its first two decades of peace in the 20th century, as well as an unprecedented economic boom. But there were many critics. For anti-U.S. views of the post-war era in Greece, I recommend Papandreau (1970) and Roubatis (1987).

This short introduction to the political situation in the 1950s sets the stage for my family's residence in Athens. Many American companies set up offices to design and construct civil works and infrastructure development projects, mostly funded by U.S. foreign aide. My father was a hydraulic engineer and accepted a job to help conduct watershed and hydraulic studies as part of major water supply projects. He moved to Athens in February of 1951. Planners expected Athens to grow in the post-war era, although I doubt they anticipated that it would eventually be a metropolis of 3.09 million in 2011 (General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece).

Athens in 1951

In the early 1950s, Athens was still a very "European" capital, with tree-shaded streets, parks, and elegant early-20th century houses. The following photographs document some of my father's wanderings in this historic city.

This is the view from Mt. Hymmetus, a mountain range east of the city. Athens was a compact urban area with fields and olive groves on the outskirts.  Today this scene would reveal total urban sprawl, concrete, and smog. And notice the clear blue sky. My father noted in his diary that he had never been to a major city with such clean air.

Athens in 1953, Kodachrome film

The contemporary Acropolis viewpoint (Kodak digital file)

This is the view northeast from the Acropolis. In 1953, Athens was a city of 2- and 3-floor stone buildings with sloped tile roofs and just a few taller modern buildings. Fortunately, Athens was not bombed in World War II (although the Port of Piraeus was). Many elegant mansions and townhouses from the late-1800s were still standing. But most were torn down in the pell-mell burst of post-war uncontrolled urban growth. Only in recent years have Athenians realized how much of their architectural heritage they destroyed. Now much of Athens is a boring concrete mess with massive traffic jams.

Temple of Zeus with Mt. Hymmetus in the distance

Temple of Zeus

The Temple of Zeus and Hadrian's Gate have always been popular tourist sites.

In the early 1950s, you could walk right into the Parthenon and clamber among the rocks. Now tourists are restricted to wood boardwalks.

Syndagma Square and the Grande Bretagne Hotel

Changing of the guard, Syndagma Square.

Syndagma Square, in front of the Parliament Building, was the tourist and political center of Athens. Parades were held here and families brought their children on Sundays to walk around. The hotel in the background is the Hotel Grand Bretagne (Ξενοδοχείο Μεγάλη Βρεταννία), in business since 1874. On Christmas Day, 1944, while Winston Churchill was a guest (the German Army had been driven out only three months previously), British army engineers discovered a huge dynamite bomb in the sewers below the hotel (Churchill, 1953). British sappers successfully defused the bomb, sparing the hotel and its illustrious guest.

Note the yellow tram. I remember when the tracks were taken out in the late-1950s, one of those misguided "modernization" steps to substitute smelly diesel buses instead. I wonder if General Motors had a hand in this as in U.S. cities?

The older parks and city squares were beautifully planted with palms and gardens. Many now are paved.

Omonia Square, Athens, 1953

Omonia Square was the heart of the commercial city, close to markets and factories. The Metro to Piraeus and Kiffisias ran underneath. Notice the blue sky....

Paltea Kotzia, in front of the National Bank of Greece Building

From Omonia, you could walk south on Athinas Street towards the Monastiraki District and the Acropolis.

Central Market, Athens

Central Market, Athens

Walk south from Omonia, and you soon reached the famous Central Market. It has not changed all that much to this day. We have explored the Central Market before (click the link).

Athens Flea Market, 1953

Athens Flea Market, 1953

Further south, one would have entered Monasteraki Square, in the Plaka district. On a narrow street to the right was the flea market. It is still there, although rather modernized. We have explored the flea market before:

1951 (black and white film)
2013

Somewhere in the Plaka, Athens (Kodak digital file)

The Plaka area also has not changed too much, but it has been gentrified over the decades. For a more recent view, click the 2013 link.

References

Churchill, W.S., 1953. The Second World War, Volume VI, Triumph and Tragedy.  Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY., 717 p.

Papandreou, Andreas, 1970. Democracy at Gunpoint: The Greek Front.  Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 365 p.

(Note, this is the same Andreas Papandreou who was Prime Minister of Greece in the 1980s. He had a troubled relationship with the United States when it suited his political needs, even though he served in the U.S. Navy, had U.S. citizenship, married an American wife, and taught economics at Berkeley.)

Roubatis, Yiannis, 1987. Tangled Webs, the U.S. in Greece, 1947-1967. Pella Publishing Company, New York, NY, 228 p.

Camera notes

My dad took the 1953 photographs with a Leica IIIC rangefinder camera with 5cm ƒ/2 Summitar lens (I still use this lens regularly). The Kodachrome film was processed in the United States or France with difficulty because of the undependable postal service in the early 1950s. I scanned the Kodachrome slides on a Plustek 7600i film scanner using Silverfast Ai software.

Not a Kodak Moment - Demise of an Industrial Empire

Kodak boxes for mounted medium-format 6x6 cm transparencies (as per Rolleiflex or Hasselblad use).

Dear readers, those of you who were photographers before 2005 or so remember Eastman Kodak Company, the industrial Goliath that dominated the photographic world during the film era. The name "Kodak" and the yellow box color were ubiquitous symbols of American industrial might throughout the world. You could see the Kodak logo on shop signs and film packages everywhere, from the local WalMart to a mom and pop store in San Jose, Costa Rica, to a kiosk in Athens, Greece. Everyone knew that Kodak's products were high-quality and reliable. The "Kodak Moment" symbolized how easy it was to capture a moment in your life and share the moment with friends and family.

But in the early 2000s, Kodak faltered. Digital cameras using charge-coupled devices (CCD) began to appear at a price suitable for general consumers. Kodak's well-funded research laboratories invented much of the mathematics and technology for digital imaging. Their professional-oriented digital cameras were based on Nikon or Canon bodies. But they never successfully made the transition to mass-market digital imaging and kept hoping that film sales would persist. In January of 2012, the company filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection. People were shocked - how could this possibly happen? How could management have so totally fouled up an astonishing legacy?

There had been plenty of warnings. In 2011, a Forbes Magazine contributor wrote about How Success Killed Eastman Kodak. On January 4, 2012, the Wall Street Journal wrote:

Was it a failure of imagination? Was it entrenched convictions and provincial thinking? Was it one restructuring too far?   

For Kodak—perhaps the iconic American brand of the 20th century—it was all those things.

In an age when global competition has radically altered business overnight, when companies have had to be fleet of foot, Eastman Kodak was the unblinking deer in the headlights. Wednesday, the extent of the roadkill became fully apparent, with the news that Kodak is readying its papers for Chapter 11.

This company failed long ago. Kodak, based in Rochester, N.Y., claims to have invented digital photography but ceded that market to competitors such as Nikon, Sony and Canon. It hung onto its identity, film, and watched it fade before its eyes.

Then there were the restructurings, one after another, a thrashing-about that found Kodak selling unrelated products and finally pitching headlong into the savagely competitive printer business. It got savaged.

An analysis in Forbes underlined the real issue:

Answer:  The organization overflowed with complacency. I saw it, maybe in the late 1980s. Kodak was failing to keep up even before the digital revolution when Fuji started doing a better job with the old technology, the roll-film business. With the complacency so rock-solid, and no one at the top even devoting their priorities toward turning that problem into a huge urgency around a huge opportunity, of course they went nowhere. Of course strategy sessions with the BIG CEO went nowhere. Of course all the people buried in the hierarchy who saw the oncoming problems and had ideas for solutions made no progress. Their bosses and peers ignored them.

I recommend this article from the ieee usa's today's engineer, titled, "The Kodak Moment is Dead; Long Live the Kodak Moment" for a short summary of George Eastman's pioneering brilliance in popularizing the photographic process for the ordinary consumer and then how the great Kodak corporation missed the conversion to the digital era.

Examples

Let us take a short walk through photographic history and see some examples of how Kodak changed all our lives. Here are some professional examples.

Atlantic City, New Jersey, March, 1920.  From U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

This is a  photograph of Atlantic City, New Jersey, part of a pioneering aerial photographic survey of the coast of New Jersey, performed by pilots from the Army Air Corps for the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in March of 1920. Aerial photography had proven its worth during World War I, and the early-1920s were a period of great experimentation in the new and exciting form of remote sensing. Many people had never seen their homes from an aerial view, and had no idea how they fit in relation to surrounding neighborhoods and topographic features. Kodak was a pioneer in high-resolution roll film and lenses for aerial photographic surveying. I scanned this frame from a paper print in the archives of the US Army Corps of Engineers' Beach Erosion Board, now at the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory in Vicksburg, Mississippi. (To consider: will your descendants be able to read your your digital files in 9 decades? You know that answer....)

According to the metadata:

From the Annual Report of the Director, U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey June 30, 1920 (p. 88): "In March 1920, the Army Air Service photographed the coast line of New Jersey from Cape May to Seabright. A single flight was made, using the k-1 camera. The plane flew at an altitude of 10,000 feet, and under very good air conditions. The camera was mounted in gimbals, with a lead weight at its lowest point to assist in maintaining the optical axis of the camera in a vertical position. Level bubbles were placed on the camera to aid in keeping the camera in the proper position. The photographs are being used to revise the charts of the coast of New Jersey. The individual photographs are 18 x 24 cm. in size, and the approximate scale is 1:10000. The photographs are mounted in strip mosaics, for convenience sake, not over 4 feet in length. The length is generally determined by the position of control points. This composite photograph is compared with the topographic sheet of the same area and control points identified. The scale of the photographic mosaic is determined, and by means of pantograph the data are reduced to the scale of the chart and transferred from the photographs to tracing paper."

"The photographing of the 120 miles of coast line took less than 2 hours time in the airplane. The development of the films and printing took 2 days’ time of one man. Two rolls of film were used, a total of 183 photographs. The work of interpreting the photographs, assembling mosaics, comparison with topographic sheets, and reduction to the scale of the chart of the outside shore line required 15 days office work by one engineer."

Hurricane damage, Atlantic City, New Jersey, Sep. 15, 1944. From Beach Erosion Board archives, US Army Corps of Engineers.

Damage of the boardwalk at Atlantic City, New Jersey, Sep. 15, 1944. From Beach Erosion Board archives, US Army Corps of Engineers.

Aerial photography also was invaluable to document storm damage along the coasts. The 1944 hurricane caused significant damage along the Jersey shore, Long Island, and Rhode Island. This was during World War II, and Kodak was manufacturing an astounding amount of aerial film for the Allied military forces to use in the war effort. 

Kodak also made film for "miniature" cameras, meaning 24×36mm frames on 20 and 36-exposure rolls. My father took this photograph of the Daughters of the American Revolution's Memorial Continental Hall on 16th Street in Washington, DC, in 1939. The film was nitrate-based but is still stable. He used a Perfex Camera, made by the Candid Camera Corporation of Chicago, Illinois (at that time, he could not afford a Leica).

Time Magazine cover, November 2, 1953.

In late 1945, the war was over. America prospered. The Great Depression had ended with the war, Americans were working, the Middle Class was growing as never before, and everyone was taking photographs. Time Magazine prepared this cover for its November 2, 1953 cover, Vol LXII, No. 18. A Kodak yellow box (probably Kodachrome) is supporting a Leica IIIC rangefinder camera, with eyeballs in the finder windows.

Book describing use of the German-made Retina camera.

Kodak never succeeded in matching the superb Leica and Zeiss Contax rangefinder cameras. But Kodak's better cameras, the Retina series, also came from Germany and were equipped with Carl Zeiss or Rodinstock lenses.

In the 1940s and 1950s, GAF, Ansco, Dupont, and 3M competed with their own films, but Kodak continued to dominate the market. Overseas, Agfa, Ilford, Orwo, and Adox rebuilt from the war and offered excellent black and white emulsions. But for personal use, Kodachrome was Kodak's crowning achievement in color photography. Kodachrome slides had brilliant color (maybe not "natural," but vivid). The early Kodachrome was only ASA 10 speed, and later 12, but photographers managed. I laugh when fanboys on camera forums complain that brand xx digital camera "only" works up to ISO 6400 or so. Obviously they never practiced photography with film.

Personal Photographs

On a  personal note, my family's early photographs were almost surely taken on Kodak film and printed on Kodak paper. We would not have had access to German or French products then.

Revere Beach, Massachusetts, approx. 1911. Photographer unknown. Scanned from a paper print.

The family in an open touring car, approx. 1915. Scanned from a paper print.

My father also used Kodak film in the post-war era. 

At the Parthenon, Athens, Greece, 1952 or 1953. Kodachrome transparency.

Harbor of Genoa, approx. 1954. Kodachrome transparency.

The frame above shows an early trip to Italy with Leica in hand. He used his Leica IIIC camera with 5cm ƒ/2 Summitar lens, exactly like the model in the Time cover. Some photographers said Leica tailored the color response of their post-war lenses to Kodachrome, although I doubt you could verify this. I still use that camera and Summitar lens.

Ctesiphon, Iraq, 1957. Kodachrome film.

My father took this Kodachrome of the ancient ruins at Ctesiphon, Iraq, during a work assignment in Baghdad. Our family never moved to Iraq because of a coup or revolution - a familiar story in that part of the world.

Shwedagon Pagoda, Rangoon, Burma, 1957 or 1958.

Bangkok, Thailand, 1957

Kodachrome followed us to Asia. Processing Kodachrome was a challenge. In the 1950s, Kodachrome came with a mailer that represented the cost of developing and mounting in cardboard mounts. Because of the complex and precise chemical nature of the process, the laboratories were in the United States, France, and England. International mail service was often undependable, so my father would give the exposed rolls to a coworker or friend who was returning to the USA. He would send the films to Kodak and collect the developed rolls. Then he or another American on the way back to Greece or Asia would bring us the films. Turn-around time: about 4 or 6 months. It was a treat to see what we had photographed so long before. There was no instant gratification back then.

Vendor on a beach, somewhere in Attica, Greece, 1963

Waiting at Ellinikon International Airport, Athens, Greece, 1964.

Black and white film recorded other family moments. Notice how much data is still in these frames. Will digital files last 5+ decades? (You know the answer, certainly not.)

New York harbor, 1967

This is a frame from New York in December of 1967. The technician at L&L Photo scanned it from Kodacolor 100 film, badly faded but effectively recovered via Photohsop. Many of these early color emulsions have faded, but at least the image data are still present.

The railroad cut from Belmont Street, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 2002. 4x5" Tri-X film.

Tri-X sheet film, commonly 4×5" or 8×10", was a standard for US landscape photographers for decades. Many fine art photographers used it exclusively, developing it in Kodak's HC110 developer. Both sizes are still sold.

Residence room, St. Francis Convent, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 2003. Kodachrome 25 film.

This is a 2003 photograph from one of the residence rooms in the St. Francis Xavier Convent and Academy in Vicksburg (now the Southern Cultural Heritage Foundation). The room was dark, and I used a tripod to support a Leica M3 with 35 mm f/2 Summicron-RF lens. Kodachrome 25 was not a usual media for this type of scene, but the unique palette and extra fine grain worked well for architecture.

Shotgun shacks, Vicksburg, Mississipi. Ektar 25 film, Rolleiflex 3.5F camera.

I thought Ektar 25 color negative film was one of Kodak's amazing products. With good lenses, the detail was astonishing. It was contrasty, but perfect for overcast days. I took this view of shotgun shacks with a Rolleiflex 3.5F camera with 5-element Zeiss Planar lens (tripod-mounted).

Camel in Üçhisar, central Cappadocia, Turkey, taken with a compact Kodak LS743 digital camera.

Kodak's early consumer-oriented digital cameras were decent. The jpeg compression was too great, but all manufacturers were experimenting in those days. I am not sure why Kodak could not compete with the other electronics companies.

Kodachrome 25 packages, last production before discontinuation.

I used Kodachrome 25 until the last processing in 2010. To its credit, Kodak supported processing of Kodachrome for 65 years. The 25 required slow and methodical work, but the color palette and fine grain suited me, and Leica lenses brought out its best characteristics. For decades, National Geographic magazine's photographers used Kodachrome almost exclusively.

1950s and 1960s Kodak film cans

Kodak's packaged 35 mm film in these high quality cans. In the 1950s, the cans were steel, with different color paint inside versus outside. The lids had a rubber gasket to keep the film dry and fresh until use. This was top-quality packaging. Later, the cans became aluminum, and finally plastic around 1975. People found innumerable other uses for these little cans.

Super-8 Tri-X film packages.

Kodak also made many emulsions in movie formats. Home movies were largely replaced by video recording in the early 1980s. Unlike still photography, the quality of each movie frame was low, and video was more than suitable for most casual home use. But if you are a film-maker, you can still buy Kodak color negative and black and white films in Super-8, 16mm, 35mm and 65mm sizes. Amazing.

Final Thoughts

Some of Kodak's great new ideas were so poorly conceived, you wonder what corporate talking mouth approved them. The Instamatic camera and film system of the 1960s was a great success, with millions and millions sold. Then they tried 110 - a smaller format film that produced mediocre optical results unless you used top-quality lenses. Then they introduced the disk, with an even smaller size film. Consumers were even less impressed. And finally, there was APS (Advanced Photo System but really the Amateur Photo System), which had a smaller film size then traditional 35mm but minimal benefit in equipment size. Ken Rockwell has a scathing article on the APS fiasco. As Mr. Rockwell wrote, "APS gave crummier results, cost more to buy the film, and there were fewer places to get it developed. Who cared? No one did, so it died on the vine." Do major corporations develop boneheads in-house? But the term APS lives on as the size of the smaller sensors in digital cameras (now you know where the name comes from).

The good news for still photographers: you can still buy excellent black and white film from Kodak, Fujifilm, Fomapan, and Adox. Adox is the world's oldest film company, in production since 1860. Some of the emulsions are derivatives of the classic Dupont thin-emulsion films from the 1940s and 1950s. For many years, they were produced in Yugoslavia/Croatia by Fotokemika via a complicated set of transfers and licenses, but Fotokemika ceased production in late 2012. The Adox web page will provide information.

I still occasionally use 4×5" Tri-X in a wood Tachihara view camera and 120-size Panatomic-X film in a Fuji GW690II rangefinder camera. The Panatomic-X is 30 years expired but has been frozen and is just fine. I develop it in Agfa Rodinal developer. Those of you who have never used film: buy a used camera and go analog - that will be the most educational thing you can do to improve your photography. You can't call yourself a photographer if you have never used film.

This was written on December 31, 2013.  Happy New Year to all readers, and thank you for reading!

Update Dec. 2014

During a recent trip to Rangoon, Burma, I decided to use Tri-X to match the old-fashioned ambiance of the setting. I exposed it in my 1966-vintage Leica M2 and developed the rolls in Kodak HC110 developer. The current Tri-X is finer-grain than before, but it still retains the classic Tri-X look. A coworker even thought these were vintage photographs until I showed her that they were only a month old.

My advice once again:  Buy and use film!

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Appendix A.
Excerpts from a Kodak article in Forbes Magazine, September 7, 1998. 
(Added Feb. 6, 2014)

Eastman Kodak Co. Chief Executive George Fisher, 57, leans back in his chair, relaxed. Kodak has just announced its second-quarter earnings, which far exceeded analysts expectations.  Wall Street responded by picking up the stock 17% in just three days, to over $86.  Earnings per share rose 43%, to $2.20.  Though the 1998 showing is impressive, it comes as a bounce-back from terrible 1997, when earnings went from $3.82 a share in 1996 to only one penny a share after charges for all of 1997.

Is it for real this time?  Few big companies have disappointed investors more in recent years than this Rochester, N.Y.-based $15 billion (revenues) photographic giant. His biggest move was simplicity itself.  Almost afraid to compete in its basic business-photography-pre-Fisher Kodak had diversified all over the place--into pharmaceuticals, office equipment, batteries.  Fisher told employees that images, not aspirin, were their business, and that long-feared digital imaging was an ally-not an enemy.  He pointed to the huge potential of emerging markets like China and India... Out went such businesses as Sterling Drug, clinical diagnostics and household products, like Lysol.

The Kodak company Fisher took over was very much in the hold of the older U.S. blue chips: it was heavily integrated, preferring to make as many components of its products as possible.  Fisher is slowly changing the mold, mainly through joint ventures:  with Intel, to produce sensor chips for digital cameras; another with AOL, to send processed photos to customers and digital form over the Internet.

Kodak has introduced digital cameras ranging in price from the below $1000 to $15,000, as well as a host of consumer and professional films in the last year. Fisher says Kodak has improved cycle time in some product areas tenfold in the past four years.

To improve coordination at top, Fisher created the chief operating officer. Joining him is Daniel Carp, president and chief operating officer.  Carl Kohrt and Eric Steenberg serve as assistant chief operating officers. Kohrt is responsible for the Asia-Pacific region-particularly China, where Kodak has scored big against its Japanese rival Fuji.

With almost 11,000 jobs still slated for elimination and, according to Steenburgh, plenty of costs still to cut, you can look to Kodak to continue to improve profit margins rather than build revenues for the immediate future...

Maybe Fisher wasn't the miracle man everyone expected him to be.  Though it took longer than people thought it would, he's definitely turned the super tanker around.

(Well, no, he did not turn the super-tanker around.)


UPDATE Jan. 2016: The Online Photographer blog had an interesting description of a visit to the treasure vaults at the George Eastman House. The author described how Kodak was a pioneer in digital technology and had predicted the fall in film sales, but was unable to make money on digital hardware. 

Update June 2019: The Online Photographer blog featured an interesting article in 2012 about Kodak filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Read some of the comments from readers who shared their experiences with Kodak products or customer representatives. 

The Economist magazine wrote about how Fujifilm was more nimble during the tumultuous switch to digital imaging.