Abandoned Early Digital Technology: the Kodak Photo CD

Background

The great Eastman Kodak Company was an early pioneer in the technology and science behind digital imaging. Kodak scientists and mathematicians developed many of the early patents pertaining to digital imaging chips, data processing, and color management. The Department of Defense funded some of this early work. The popular press and photo "experts" in internet fantasy-land love to curse at Kodak and say how it totally missed the digital revolution. As usual, most of them have an agenda and the story is more complicated.

Kodak's managers, scientists, and engineers were fully aware of how digital imaging would eventually destroy their immense profit machine. Kodak made money from film production and selling supplies to photo-finishing companies around the world. These were high-margin disposable supplies that needed constant replenishing. Digital was totally different. It was based on the manufacture of cameras and peripherals (memory cards and software), a different economic model from Kodak's. Once the hardware had been purchased, there were minimal continuing expenses, unlike photofinishing.

Three Photo CDs from 1995. Note the handy index sheets.

What is a Photo CD?

During the transition period of the 1990s, Kodak tried to bridge both worlds with their Photo CD. From Wikipedia, 

Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and saving photos onto a CD. Launched in 1991, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They were intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players (Apple's PowerCD for example), and any computer with a suitable software (LaserSoft Imaging's SilverFast DC or HDR for example).

You can read more details on this site.

To buy a Photo CD, you first had Kodak (or select laboratories) develop your film. Then they scanned your frames with proprietary Kodak scanners to a compact disk (CD). 

From Linotype-Hell Company technical note:

The Kodak Photo CD scanner uses a stationary tri-linear array (three linear arrays with a R,G, or B filter) of 2048 elements. It is designed exclusively for 35mm film. During scanning, the film is moved parallel to the long dimension of the frame. This results in a scanned data file of 2048 by 3072 pixels in R, G, and B per frame of 35mm film. Before this data is quantized for storage, several transformations are made to optimize the encoding of the data for various applications and to achieve data compression.

The primary consumer application for Photo CD is television display. Kodak therefore has chosen to refer to the TV display resolution as the Base image. This resolution is achieved by averaging 16 pixels in the original high resolution 16 Base image to create each single pixel at Base resolution. This averaging is done in a two-step process so that an intermediate resolution HDTV image (4 Base) is also available. In addition, since TV uses luminance/chrominance data, the scanner RGB data is mathematically transformed into a single luminance and two chrominance components before processing. Kodak identifies the particular luminance and chrominance that they use as PhotoYCCTM (or YCC for short).

Kodak PCD-860 player (by permission from an eBay listing by 68ra-53)

Kodak designed the system to allow customers to see their photographs on a television screen. Kodak sold several Photo CD playback readers that you connected to your television. But American analog NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) televisions in the 1990s had poor (OK, miserable) color and dynamic range. To make the photographs look good on a television screen, Kodak's software expanded the color and dynamic range. I am not sure how the CDs were encoded to play back correctly on PAL or SECAM televisions. Possibly, the playback units for those markets did some software processing internally. 

I do not know if these players will work on current Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) units that use the ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) standards. 

Reading Photo CD Files

Many software packages, like Ifranview, will still open the .PCD files on the PhotoCD. But images often look washed out because of the exaggerated dynamic range. I think Kodak planned to offer a software to open the files on 1990s computers, but I have not been able to find a copy. Maybe this software was never offered to the public. Kodak recommended that applications use a Lookup Table (LUT) after converting the PhotoYCC data from the Photo CD into RGB. 

The problem lies in the fact that most modern programs do not have access to these Kodak lookup tables. Most software companies have long discontinued their packages that opened Photo CD files and properly corrected the color and dynamic range. LaserSoft no longer sells their SilverFast PhotoCD. pcdMagic may be the only currently-marketed software that runs on contemporary computers.  

An alternative: a Photrio reader wrote that Digital Light & Color Picture Window Pro 7 correctly opened the Photo CD format. Version 7 is now a free package. But only the 32-bit Windows Version 7 opens the Photo CD. I downloaded it onto a 64-bit computer running Windows 7 Pro, and Picture Window opened correctly. 

A minor issue: Picture Window needs the index files that are on the Photo CD. If you downloaded just the .PCD files to a hard drive, I think you cannot access them. Therefore, you need the original CD as well as a CD reader. If your computer does not have a CD drive, you must find/buy a portable unit or need to revive an older computer. (Hint: do not discard your legacy computers; you never know when you might need some of the old hardware or software). 

Skopelos, Greece

Hora (main town), Skopelos, Greece (Kodachrome 25, Leica M3, 50mm Summicron lens)

Hora, Skopelos (90mm ƒ/2.8 Tele-Elmarit lens)

How does my garden grow? Skopelos town (135mm ƒ/4 Tele-Elmarit lens)

My croissant is too small; Skopelos

Skiathos

Hangin' out in the sun, Skiathos

Waiting for departure, Hora, Skiathos

Kastro, Malaria Beach, Skiathos

The Kastro was the medieval fortified town on the very northern tip of Skiathos. It was settled in the 1300s when the islanders fled from the raids of Turkish pirates.

Morning in Skiathos

Mainland, Attica

Abandoned loading dock for minerals, Grammatikó (near Marathonas) (50mm Summicron, polarizer)

Summary

My experience with the Photo CD process was mixed. You can see that on many of these frames, the colors are exaggerated or a bit off. Some have a subtle color cast. For some Kodachrome rolls, the files on the CD were very good quality. But other CDs had poor exposures and colors. I think the Kodak automated scanner may have set color and gain for the whole roll based on the first slide. But if that slide was poorly exposed, and no technician inspected the process, the .PCD file for that first frame ended up looking good, but the rest of the roll looked poor.

Dark Kodachrome slides did not scan well. The dark areas were noisy and had a purple color cast. It is possible that the Picture Window Pro 7 software did not correct the colors quite right. And it is possible that being designed as a display media for NTSC televisions, the colors will never be "correct". I could do more adjustments with Photoshop, but that ends up taking a lot of time. It may be better to just scan from scratch with a film scanner.

I expect that C-41 negative film, such as Gold 100, would have transferred more successfully on the Kodak CD system. 

I did not use Photo-CD scanning after the late-1990s. And I never bought one of the viewing units for the television. Still, it was a clever interim technology. Eastman Kodak deserved credit for trying to integrate traditional film with the digital future. But it was too late. Digital cameras became better and better in the early 2000, and most consumers became all-digital.

Autumn In Athens 2022 (Part 2)

Emerging from the Monasteraki metro station (Samsung phone file)

Let's continue wandering the Pláka on a cheerful and hot day in October. What happened to winter?

Mrs. Popi's store

I first met Mrs. Popi in the 1980s. She has run this souvenir store forever. Her grandkids (?), who go to college in the USA, work here in the summers. They told me that Mrs. Popi is now 101 years old and stays home and cooks. Years ago, I bought a brass lion door knocker from her. But we never used it because our door at home has a glass panel and there was no place to mount the lion.

The Pláka district has 10s of stores like this selling tourist goods. We have wool hangings at home that we bought years ago. 

Monasteraki Square, always crowded (Acros film, Leica M2)

Alley off Monasteraki Square (Samsung phone file)

Flea market, 2011 (Panasonic G1 digital file)

Monasteraki is the flea market / traditional downtown district of Athens. It is nestled under the walls of the Acropolis and is a popular tourist destination. The flea market was once really that, but today much of the merchandise is Chinese budget stuff.

Heading north on Athenas Street, you pass by small side streets and lanes with a mixture of traditional 2-story houses and modern concrete boxes. It is sad that Athens let so much of its traditional late-1800s architecture get replaced with nondescript post-war budget concrete boxes.

Time for some Levis on Vissis Street (50mm Summicron lens)

Soukratos Street (50mm Summicron lens)

Pigeon house, Athenas Street (25mm Color-Skopar lens)

Keep walking north on Athenas Street and you soon reach the Central Market. This is a fun place to explore and is a popular tourist site. Buy some spices or nuts, fish, cow, sardines, bread, oil, or coffee. And stop and have lunch one of the small restaurants. I have written about the Central Market before several times. It's worth a visit every trip to Athens.

Heady experience (Samsung phone digital file)

Central Market in 1951, when it was a bit more earthy

The end of Athenas Street where it meets Omonoia Square, 1951

This ends our walk from Monasteraki Square to Omonoia Square. Here you can catch the metro and head home or to your hotel. Thank you for joining on this walk.

Autumn in Athens, 2022 (Part 1)

2022 Note

Likavitou Hill from the Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Greece had a warm autumn in 2022 with benign weather. Tourism had plunged in 2020 when the pandemic shut down most leisure travel around the world, but it picked up with a vengeance in 2022. People were thrilled to be traveling again. Tourists were swarming all over Athens and the islands. My relatives were surprised because usually the tourists start to disappear by mid-October. But for 2022, local merchants and restauranteurs were thrilled. Hotels were heavily booked. The islands were swarming. I heard several times that merchants were very pleased with American tourists because they spent a lot of money, were especially friendly, and did not seem to care about prices. Hmmm.....

First Cemetery

First Cemetery (2018 photograph)

First Cemetery is the resting place for generations of prominent Athenians. It is an oasis of gracious trees and green in the urban jungle. Melina Mercouri and Heinrich Schliemann reside here. Some older photographs are here. It is off the usual tourist route but worth a visit. 

Protest apartment, Leof. Alexandros (Samsung phone snapshot)

Anafiotica and the Pláka

Likavitou Hill from Anafiotica (35mm ƒ/2 Summicron, deep yellow filter)

Tucked under and around the northern and eastern slopes of the Acropolis is the Pláka, the historical neighborhood of Athens occupied since the medieval era and, probably, since antiquity. The labyrinthine streets twist and turn past little houses. You could almost be in a village in the mountains. Well, except for the drone of traffic in the distance. And the different languages of the tourists. Every time I visit Athens, I take my obligatory walk through the Pláka, look at the scenery, take some photographs, eat a hearty lunch, and ponder the passage of history.

I have photographed here before, but each time I visit Athens, I can't resist doing it all over again. Here are some samples from October of 2022. 

Balcony, Thrassiliou

Stairway to ? (25mm ƒ/4 Color-Skopar lens)

Cottage courtyard (25mm Color-Skopar lens)

Where are my customers? Aretousas Street (25mm Color-Skopar lens)

Here's looking at you, Graffiti Alley

I took most of these photographs with Fuji Acros film using my Leica M2 camera and various lenses. Praus Productions in Rochester, NY, developed the film.

From the Archives: Northern Greece in 1951

When my dad first moved to Greece in 1951, he and some of the other engineers took field trips to northern Greece to look at rivers, irrigation canals, and waterworks. They also visited local engineering offices to obtain stream flow and discharge data. Sometimes they flew on a Grumman Goose airplane. I assume it was operated by the American Mission in the early 1950s. 

One of the towns where they stayed was Komotini, a city in the region of East Macedonia and Thrace in northeastern Greece.  

The New Mosque and Clock Tower, March 14, 1951

Note the stork on top of the bell tower

The baker of Komotini - delicious loaves

In 1951, Komotini was rather basic compared to the bright lights of Athens. My dad noted that accommodations were primitive and food grim. He also commented on the Turkish toilet. It sounds like it was a novelty to him, although surely he had encountered them before in Asia. I remember him telling me that when he asked for hot water to shave, the hotel host brought a tepid teacup of water. 

Agricultural wagons

What's the way to Athens?

Muslim ladies of Komotini

Komotini had a large Muslim minority. After the 1919-1922 military disaster in Anatolia, ethnic Greek and Turkish populations were exchanged and moved (forced) back to their homelands. Many Greeks had never lived in mainland Greece, and many Turkish Muslims had not lived in Turkey. As noted in Wikipedia, "Historians have described the exchange as a legalized form of mutual ethnic cleansing." It was a horrifying episode. But Komotini was not included in the forced exchange, so many Muslim families continued to live there. Two mosques are still active in town. The New Mosque (see the first photograph) has its own web page. 

Buklutzas River

I had trouble finding this spot in Komotini. My family told me that the Buklutzas River has been covered over and is now the main highway through town. None of these buildings exist now. So much for progress.....

The cobbler of Komotini

Note the gent with the overcoat walking away from the cameras is wearing a fez. In Turkey proper, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had banned the fez (to be replaced by the western fedora), but men continued to wear fezes in former Ottoman areas.

A short social note:  After the brutal and vicious Greek Civil War ended in 1949, towns in northern Greece were desperately poor. Many of the farmers lived on almost a subsistence basis from the produce they grew. My stepdad, a Greek surgeon, said many villagers had never seen a doctor or been to a dentist. Childbirth was dangerous and often led to death. Tuberculosis ravaged families. Appalachia in USA may have been similar at that time, with isolated towns and desperate poverty.

Today, towns like Komotini are clean and cheerful. Stores are well-stocked, streets clean and well-paved, buildings neat, and the townsfolk have bright little cars, decent clothes, and look happy and well-fed. They welcome tourists. They foregather at nice local restaurants and coffee shops. Their children have often been to college and many are bilingual. 

Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis (Κυριάκος Μητσοτάκης) told Fareed Zakaria at the World Economic Forum that on a day that is sunny, windy, not too hot, not too cold, Greece generates 90 percent of its electricity from renewable sources. Prime Minister Mitsotakis graduated from Harvard University, Stanford University, and Harvard Business School. 

And today, Appalachia is still Appalachia, an underclass of grinding poverty, drugs, food insecurity, crumbling towns, racism, hatred, and despondency. What is wrong with this picture?

Photography:  My dad took these these photographs on Ansco Super Speed film. One collector on Flickr states that this film was rated at ASA 100. He used his Canon rangefinder camera with a 50mm ƒ/1.9 Serenar lens. I remember this camera, but I sold it in the 1970s.

Winter at the Beach, Chorefto, Pelion, Greece

The beach in winter is quiet. It wonders where the happy voices and cheerful tourists have gone. Why have I been deserted? So what if the water is a bit cold and the air bracing?

Chorefto is the beach town located below the village of Zagora on the Pelion Peninsula of east central Greece. Summer is the busy season, but my visit in October was quiet and lonely.

The tavernas are closed, the tables put away for the season.

This is an example of traditional stone architecture for the Pelion area. The red trim may be a recent trend.

An unused house near the stream.

A number of streams like this tumble down from the mountain. This one does not appear to carry much sediment load because the shoreline is straight here without any obvious deltaic accumulation.

One day I may restart my series on Greek doors. It has been done before, but I'll do it better 😁

By the sea, by the sea, by the beautiful sea,

You and I you and I, oh! How happy we'll be,

When each wave comes a rolling in,

We will duck or swim, and we'll float and fool around the water.

Over and under, and then up for air,

Pa is rich, Ma is rich, so now what do we care?

I love to be beside your side, beside the sea,

Beside the seaside, by the beautiful sea.

(Words by Harold Atteridge, Music by Harry Carroll (1914))

I took these photographs with a Samsung Galaxy A53 5G mobile phone.